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Telefon Hírmondó
Telefon Hírmondó or Telefonhírmondó (also translated into English as "Telephone Herald") was a telephone newspaper in Budapest. It was the longest-running telephone newspaper, and has been described by Peter Lunenfeld as "the most sustained point-to-point telephonic distribution system". It has also been described as an early radio, and indeed it was radio that led to its demise.〔Irving Fang, ''A history of mass communication'', Focal Press, 1997, p.87-88〕 From 1893, 20 years before the invention of the radio, people could listen to news and music in Budapest daily. They could enjoy direct broadcastings from the Opera house.
== Establishment ==
The ''Telefon Hírmondó'' was founded by Tivadar Puskás (also translated as Theodore Buschgasch), an engineer and inventor, who had earlier worked with Thomas Edison.〔 Puskás had registered the patent of technology behind the newspaper in 1892, in the Patent Office of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with the title "A new method of organizing and fitting a telephone newspaper". The ''Telefon Hírmondó'' service started on 15 February 1893, with around 60 subscribers. The editorial office was located near Astoria, at 6 Magyar Street.〔 The first message was from Puskás:
''Telefon Hírmondó'' had been started without any formal permission from the government authorities. However, after two weeks of operation, Puskás applied for the permission to run his "newspaper", because he wanted exclusive rights for running a telephone newspaper for five years. The contemporary press laws did not apply to a telephone newspaper, and the government authorities were wary of the ''Telefon Hírmondó'' developing into an "important tool of power", as it could quickly spread the strategic, political, and social information. The authorities granted permission to Puskás on the condition that the ''Telefon Hírmondó'' would write down the news reports in advance, get them signed by the manager and the announcer, and send the pages to the ministries concerned every day, and to the Budapest police three times a day.〔
Puskás' died a month after the launch of the service, on 16 March 1893. Albert Puskás, the brother and heir to Tivadar Puskás wanted exclusive rights for the telephone newspaper for fifty years, which were not granted. Therefore, he sold the enterprise, along with the patent rights to István Popper, who accepted the authorization conditions put forward by the government authorities, on 26 September 1894. Popper created The Telefonhírmondó Joint stock company, built up the company's own network, modernized the equipment, and broadened the range of the programmes.〔 The service was continued by Emile von Szveties, the technical director of the newspaper.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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